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US and British officials on Monday filed charges, imposed sanctions and accused Beijing of a sweeping cyberespionage campaign that allegedly hit millions of people including lawmakers, academics and journalists, and companies, including defence contractors.

Authorities on both sides of the Atlantic nicknamed the hacking group Advanced Persistent Threat 31 or “APT31”, calling it an arm of China’s Ministry of State Security. Officials reeled off a laundry list of targets: White House staffers, US senators, British parliamentarians, and government officials across the world who criticised Beijing. Defence contractors, dissidents and security companies were also hit, the officials said.

The aim of the global hacking operation was to “repress critics of the Chinese regime, compromise government institutions, and steal trade secrets”, Deputy US Attorney General Lisa Monaco said in a statement.

In an indictment unsealed on Monday against seven of the alleged Chinese hackers, US prosecutors in court said the hacking resulted in the confirmed or potential compromise of work accounts, personal emails, online storage and telephone call records belonging to millions of Americans.

Officials in London accused APT31 of hacking British lawmakers critical of China and said that a second group of Chinese spies was behind the hack of Britain’s electoral watchdog that separately compromised the data of millions more people in the UK.

Chinese diplomats in the UK and the US dismissed the allegations as unwarranted. The Chinese Embassy in London called the charges “completely fabricated and malicious slanders”.

Reuters was not immediately able to locate contact information for the seven alleged hackers being charged by the Department of Justice.

The announcements were made as both the UK and the US imposed sanctions on a firm they said was a Ministry of State Security front company tied to the hacking activity.

The US Treasury Department, in a statement, said the sanctions were on Wuhan Xiaoruizhi Science and Technology, as well as on two Chinese nationals.

“Today’s announcement exposes China’s continuous and brash efforts to undermine our nation’s cybersecurity and target Americans and our innovation,” FBI Director Christopher Wray said in a statement.

Tensions over issues relating to cyberespionage have been rising between Beijing and Washington, as Western intelligence agencies have increasingly sounded the alarm on alleged Chinese state-backed hacking activity.

China has also begun to call out alleged Western hacking operations in recent years. For example, last year, the Ministry of State of Security claimed that the US National Security Agency had repeatedly penetrated Chinese telecommunication giant Huawei Technologies.

US prosecutors listed numerous unnamed victims around the globe who had been targeted, but several stand out in the indictment.

In 2020, the Chinese hackers targeted staffers working for a US presidential campaign, prosecutors wrote. The disclosure matches public reporting at the time by Google that Chinese hackers sent malicious emails to the campaign of current President Joe Biden, but no compromise had been detected.

Another alleged mission involved the hacking of an American firm known for public opinion research in 2018, the same year when a US midterm election was held.

“Politicians, parties, and elections organisations are rich sources of intelligence that offer collectors everything from rare geopolitical insights to enormous troves of data,” said John Hultquist, chief analyst for US cybersecurity intelligence firm Mandiant, a division of Google owner Alphabet.

“As we have seen in previous election cycles, actors like APT31 turn to political organizations to find the geopolitical intelligence that they are tasked with collecting,” Hultquist said.

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