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Defence experts who have reviewed debris images from an Israeli airstrike that ignited a deadly fire in a camp for displaced Palestinians questioned why Israel did not use smaller, more precise weapons when so many civilians were nearby. They said the bombs used were likely US-made.

The strikes, targeting Hamas operatives, killed as many as 45 people sheltering in a temporary displacement camp near the southern Gaza city of Rafah on Sunday and have drawn international condemnation.

Israel is investigating the attack but says that the Hamas targets were 1.7 kilometres away from a declared humanitarian zone and that its review ahead of the strike determined no expected harm to civilians.

But displaced civilians were scattered throughout the area, and Israel had not ordered evacuations. So even if the tents that burned were not inside the marked humanitarian zone, the civilians there thought it was safe.

Israel, which was attacked by Hamas on October 7, 2023, has not said how far the burned tents were from the compound it bombed on Sunday.

It emphasised that while there were no tents in the immediate vicinity, due to unforeseen circumstances, a fire ignited tragically taking the lives of Gazan civilians nearby.

Footage released by the Israeli military appears to show people walking next to the targeted buildings ahead of the blast. The footage also appears to show tents nearby.

Israel has not identified the bombs it used, but Rear Adm. Daniel Hagari, an Israel Defence Forces spokesman, has emphasized that the country chose the smallest munition its jets could carry with 17 kilograms of explosive material each and that an unintended secondary explosion may have caused the fire.

Even the smallest jet-launched munition may be too big when civilians are near because of how they explode and can send fragments far, defence experts said.

Images posted on social media from the tent camp on Monday and verified by The Associated Press showed a CAGE code, a unique identifier assigned to US government suppliers, on pieces of the exploded weapons.

Based on those images and satellite photos of the debris field, two defence experts said the bombs used were likely US-made 250-pound (113-kilogram) GBU-39 small-diameter bombs.

Though they’re smaller than many other weapons the US has provided to Israel, these bombs can still create a wide swath of damage. The entire 250-pound shell and components are designed to spew fragments that can travel as far as 2,000 feet (600 metres).

You essentially have two bombs they use that the fragments can travel 600 metres in a densely packed area. So that just doesn’t check out if they’re trying to limit casualties, said Trevor Ball, a former Army explosive ordnance demolition technician.

Ball said the serial number on the pieces of the tail kit and the shell debris shown in the photographs identify the munitions as the 250-pound GBU-39.

It’s unusual to describe a bomb by its explosive load in this case, 37 pounds instead of its total weight, according to Ball and Mark Cancian, a retired Marine Corps Reserves colonel and senior adviser to the Centre for Strategic and International Studies.

The debris field in Gaza is indicative of the bombs possibly being set to detonate before impact, which would ensure its intended targets were killed but also risks unintended deaths, Ball and Cancian said. The images showed a small hole where shrapnel was found.

The GBU-39’s fuse settings can be adjusted to have the bomb explode on impact, which would create a crater at the site, or set for a delayed blast if the goal is to have it more deeply penetrate a target first.

They can also be set to detonate in the air, right before impact, to ensure multiple targets are hit. But that setting also maximizes area damage, which could explain a secondary explosion even if weapons or other flammable materials were some distance away, Ball said.

Secretary of State Antony Blinken told reporters on Wednesday during a visit to Moldova that the US is waiting for an investigation to show what weapons were used and how they were deployed.

Even if that confirms Israel used a small-diameter weapon, “we also see that even limited, focused, targeted attacks designed to deal with terrorists who have killed innocent civilians that are plotting to kill more even those kinds of operations can have terrible, horrific, unintended consequences, Blinken said.

The defence experts said Israel had better options to turn to than the GBU-39 when civilians were nearby.

The Israelis have previously deployed drones to launch weapons that are smaller and more precise, Cancian said. These precision airstrikes used over the years have caused little damage beyond the immediate target.

Israel, for example, in this strike could have used a smaller anti-personnel weapon called the mini-Spike, which would not have created as wide an area of debris, if it was targeting specific Hamas leaders, Cancian said.

The US has withheld a shipment of even larger 2,000-pound (900-kilogram) bombs from Israel out of concern they would be used in Israel’s Rafah operation, where more than 1 million Palestinians crowded after Israel bombed other parts of Gaza.

Now, that same number of people have escaped Rafah and are scattered across makeshift tent camps and other areas.

Sunday’s strike shows that even the smaller 250-pound bombs the US has continued to provide can be too large for use near densely packed refugee areas, Cancian said.

White House national security spokesman John Kirby said Wednesday that the US was still trying to gather information from Israel about the deadly Rafah strike.

He declined to discuss the specific munitions used by Israel but said Israel’s public comments about the munition used certainly indicate a desire to be more deliberate and more precise in their targeting.

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